Freeman Dyson said the key to mathmatical modelling success is reminiscent of the OSI 7 layer model. The value of a comms product is added by integrating across the stack and a variety of techniques have been developed to enable better clarity eg APIs. When interviewed on Web of Stories the secret of success of a particular project often comes down to not this vertical integration approach but lateral thinking. For example the one where negative time helped the maths solution for coupled particles — Did electron B know instantly about electron A or was it case of remembering what happened before, in negative time. I am perhaps mis-remembering